BACTERIAL ADSORPTION

Hydroxyapatite's propensity to adsorb protein is well known, and when supplied in a toothpaste, nano<mHAP>'s particles gather up and help remove plaque fragments and a variety of oral pathogens, in particular the Mutans streptococci family of bacteria, which are known to be a major cause of tooth decay. This bacterial adsorption function of nano<mHAP> has been closely studied in Japan, including with researchers from Japan's National Institute for Infectious Diseases and Nihon University, and results confirm that nano<mHAP> shows superior bacterial adsorption compared with other forms of calcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite,¹ exhibits strong selectivity for cariogenic Mutans Streptococci² while also adsorbing a range of periodontal and opportunistic pathogens such as P.gingivalis and Candida,^2,3 and may also, with continued use, bring about a modest but benign shift in the oral microbial flora.⁴

I Nano<mHAP> microbial adsorption studies

(1) By type of hydroxyapatite (Kondo 1999)

(2) By type of microbe (Arakawa 2002)

(3) SEM observation (a x 20,000, b,c,d x 50,000) (Fujimaru 2007)

_{a. S.mutans b. P.gingivalis}

_{c. A.actinomycetem d. C. albicans}

^{Examples of microbial adsorption by nano<mHAP> particles}

II Reduction of cariogenic Mutans Streptococci in the total oral flora (clinical trial) (Kono 2014)

_{1. Kondo et al, Study of Streptococcus Mutans Adherence to Hydroxyapatite, J Dent Hlth 49(4): 614-615, 1999

(Japanese language)

2. T.Arakawa et al, , J Dent Res 81:1478, San Diego Abstracts, 2002

3. T.Fujimaru et al, Adsorption of Oral Pathogenic Microbes by Small Crystal Hydroxyapatite, J Dent Res 86:1121, New Orleans Abstracts, 2007

4. Y.Kono et al, Development of a Technique for Removing Oral Pathogenic Microorganisms using Hydroxyapatite: Clinical Study Report, Nihon University School of Dentistry 2014 (Unpublished)( Japanese language)}